你問(wèn)我答
近義詞辨析：international、cross-national、multinational、transnational
內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介
一位網(wǎng)友想知道 “international、cross-national、multinational” 和 “transnational” 之間的區(qū)別。這四個(gè)詞都由單詞 “national” 加上不同的前綴構(gòu)成，意思都與 “多個(gè)國(guó)家的” 有關(guān)，但它們之間具體的區(qū)別是什么？聽(tīng)節(jié)目，學(xué)習(xí)這四個(gè)近義詞的用法。
文字稿
（關(guān)于臺(tái)詞的備注:請(qǐng)注意這不是廣播節(jié)目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)錄制、編輯過(guò)程中對(duì)節(jié)目做出的改變。）
Jiaying
大家好，歡迎收聽(tīng) BBC英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的 “你問(wèn)我答” 節(jié)目。I'm Jiaying.
Phil
And I'm Phil.
Jiaying
本期節(jié)目要回答的問(wèn)題來(lái)自一位網(wǎng)友，問(wèn)題是這樣的：
Question
您好，請(qǐng)問(wèn)一下 “international、cross-national、multinational” 和 “transnational” 之間的區(qū)別是什么呢？一直沒(méi)搜到相關(guān)資料，謝謝解答。
Phil
These words have very close meanings, so a lot of the difference is in how and when they're used. Let's start by looking at 'international'.
Jiaying
“International” 多用作形容詞，是四個(gè)詞里最常見(jiàn)的一個(gè)。
Phil
Yes, and it refers to anything that happens in or is related to more than one country. We often talk about 'international trade' – trade between countries, 'international students' – people who move countries to study, and 'international airports', where you can travel between countries.
Jiaying
是的，形容詞 “international” 的意思是 “國(guó)際的，國(guó)際上的”，強(qiáng)調(diào)一件事情是 “發(fā)生在一個(gè)以上國(guó)家的” 或 “與一個(gè)以上的國(guó)家有關(guān)的”。比如：“international trade（國(guó)際貿(mào)易）”、“international students（留學(xué)生，國(guó)際生）”、“international airports（國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)）”。來(lái)聽(tīng)兩個(gè)使用了形容詞 “international” 的例句。
Examples
The market for international travel has recovered in recent years.
（近年來(lái)，國(guó)際旅游市場(chǎng)已經(jīng)復(fù)蘇。）
The international conference attracted researchers from all over the world.
（這次國(guó)際會(huì)議吸引了來(lái)自世界各地的研究人員。）
Phil
'Cross-national' is probably most used to talk about academic studies. The prefix 'cross-' means 'across' – so a 'cross-national comparison' is where data is compared across different countries.
Jiaying
沒(méi)錯(cuò)，復(fù)合形容詞 “cross-national” 的意思是 “跨國(guó)的”，它多見(jiàn)于學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域。
從構(gòu)詞上來(lái)看，“cross-national” 的前綴 “cross-” 的意思是 “越過(guò)，跨越”，所以 “cross-national comparison” 就指 “通過(guò)分析、比較不同國(guó)家的數(shù)據(jù)而開(kāi)展的跨國(guó)對(duì)比研究”。聽(tīng)兩個(gè)例句。
Examples
We need to carry out a cross-national comparison to see if the problem exists in other countries.
（我們需要開(kāi)展跨國(guó)對(duì)比研究，看看其它國(guó)家是否也存在這個(gè)問(wèn)題。）
We used the results of the cross-national analysis to plan our strategy.
（我們利用跨國(guó)分析研究得到的結(jié)果來(lái)規(guī)劃我們的戰(zhàn)略。）
Jiaying
接下來(lái)看 “multinational” 和 “transnational”，它們既可以作名詞，也可以作形容詞使用，多用于談?wù)撋虡I(yè)的語(yǔ)境中。
Phil
They describe large companies operating in more than one country.
Jiaying
作名詞時(shí)，“multinational” 和 “transnational” 指 “跨國(guó)企業(yè)”。
從構(gòu)詞上來(lái)看，“multinational” 中的前綴 “multi-” 的意思是 “不止一個(gè)，多個(gè)”，所以 “a multinational” 就指 “在多國(guó)開(kāi)展業(yè)務(wù)的企業(yè)”；“transnational” 中的前綴 “trans-” 表示 “穿越”，所以 “transnational” 指 “所開(kāi)展的業(yè)務(wù)穿越國(guó)界的企業(yè)”，也就是 “跨國(guó)企業(yè)”，兩個(gè)詞通?？梢曰Q使用。聽(tīng)兩個(gè)例句。
Examples
It's believed that the arrival of multinationals in the city will lead to increased employment opportunities.
（人們相信，跨國(guó)公司的到來(lái)會(huì)給這座城市帶來(lái)更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。）
Many graduates dream of getting jobs at transnationals.
（許多畢業(yè)生夢(mèng)想在跨國(guó)企業(yè)找到工作。）
Phil
When used as adjectives, 'multinational' and 'transnational' often describe businesses. Like all the words we've looked at here, they're used to say that companies or organisations operate in more than one country.
Jiaying
形容詞 “multinational” 和 “transnational” 多表示 “（企業(yè)或機(jī)構(gòu)的類型是）跨國(guó)的”。此外，兩者都可以表示 “（方案、計(jì)劃、方法是）涉及多國(guó)的”。聽(tīng)兩個(gè)例句。
Examples
Multinational charities can sometimes have a large impact.
（跨國(guó)慈善機(jī)構(gòu)有時(shí)會(huì)起到巨大的作用。）
Different countries have come together to set up transnational networks to tackle global environmental issues.
（不同的國(guó)家共同合作，建立跨國(guó)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以解決全球環(huán)境問(wèn)題。）
Jiaying
歸納一下：形容詞 “international” 的意思是 “國(guó)際的”，用法是四個(gè)詞語(yǔ)中最廣泛的一個(gè)。形容詞 “cross-national” 多見(jiàn)于學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域，表示一項(xiàng)研究是 “跨國(guó)的”?！癕ultinational” 和 “transnational” 都可以指 “跨國(guó)公司”，作形容詞時(shí)表示 “（公司、機(jī)構(gòu)是）跨國(guó)的”，或者 “（方案、計(jì)劃、方法是）涉及多國(guó)的”。
Phil
We hope that we've answered your question. Remember that if you have a question you'd like us to answer, you can email us too at: questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk
Jiaying
你也可以通過(guò)微博向我們提問(wèn)。我們的微博賬號(hào)是 “BBC英語(yǔ)教學(xué)”。Bye, everyone.
Phil
Bye.
