你問我答
辨析四個表示“減輕”的動詞:relieve、alleviate、allay、mitigate
內(nèi)容簡介
一位聽眾來信詢問動詞 “relieve、alleviate、allay” 和 “mitigate” 之間有何區(qū)別。其中,動詞 “relieve”、“alleviate” 和 “allay” 的用法最容易被混淆,因?yàn)樗鼈兌伎梢悦枋?“緩解消極的感受”;而 “mitigate” 的用法則與其它三個詞不大一樣,它用來表示 “減輕” 什么?本期節(jié)目教你如何使用這四個近義詞。
文字稿
(關(guān)于臺詞的備注:請注意這不是廣播節(jié)目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能沒有體現(xiàn)錄制、編輯過程中對節(jié)目做出的改變。)
Jiaying
大家好,歡迎收聽 BBC英語教學(xué)的 “你問我答” 節(jié)目。I'm Jiaying.
Neil
And I'm Neil. Welcome!
Jiaying
本期節(jié)目的問題來自一位聽眾,問題由我來代讀。
Question
'Relieve', 'alleviate', 'allay' and 'mitigate'. 感覺這幾個單詞的意思都差不多,請問在使用時具體的區(qū)別是什么?謝謝。
Jiaying
這些動詞的含義都與 “讓一件不好的事情變得不那么消極”有關(guān)。
Neil
Let's look at 'relieve'. 'Relieve' means to make an unpleasant feeling less strong. It doesn't have to be related to pain, although it can be.
Jiaying
是的,動詞 “relieve” 的意思是 “減輕、緩和一種不愉快的、消極的感受”。這種感受可能但不一定和痛苦有關(guān)?!癛elieve” 的用法涵蓋的范圍很廣。比如我們可以說:“relieve worries(緩解擔(dān)憂)”、“relieve pressure(減輕壓力)”、“relieve boredom(解悶)”。
Examples
I did some meditation to relieve my exam worries.
(我靜心沉思了一會兒,以緩解我對考試的擔(dān)憂。)
When I was pregnant, my boss gave me less work to relieve the pressure.
(我懷孕那會兒,老板減少了我的工作量,以減輕我的壓力。)
Neil
'Relieve' is not only used with people. The council might add extra traffic lights to relieve congestion on the roads.
Jiaying
“Relieve” 不僅可以用來表示 “緩解某人的負(fù)面感受”,還可以表示 “減輕問題的嚴(yán)重性”。比如:The council might add extra traffic lights to relieve congestion on the roads. 市政廳可能會增設(shè)額外的紅綠燈來緩解交通擁堵。
Neil
Now let's look at 'alleviate'. It's most often used in relation to pain, and it means 'make it less severe'.
Jiaying
“Alleviate” 最常用來表示 “緩解身體上的痛苦和不適”。常見的包含動詞 “alleviate” 的搭配有 “alleviate pain(減輕痛苦)”、“alleviate discomfort(緩解不適)” 和 “alleviate symptoms(緩解癥狀)”。聽兩個例句。
Examples
The doctor gave the patient painkillers to alleviate his suffering.
(醫(yī)生給病人開了止痛藥以減輕他的痛苦。)
I moved my father's pillow to alleviate the discomfort in his back.
(我調(diào)整了父親枕頭的位置,以減輕他背部的不適。)
Neil
OK. Now, let's look at 'allay'. 'Allay' means to cause someone to feel a strong emotion less. It's quite formal and is usually seen more in written texts than spoken English.
Jiaying
動詞 “allay” 尤其常用來強(qiáng)調(diào) “減輕恐懼、擔(dān)憂等強(qiáng)烈的負(fù)面情緒,從而使人平靜下來”。注意,使用 “allay” 的場合通常很正式,相比之下,它更常見于書面文字而不是口語交流中。聽兩個例句。
Examples
The managers plan to allay workers' fears about redundancies by calling a meeting.
(經(jīng)理們準(zhǔn)備通過召開一次會議來減輕員工們對裁員事宜的擔(dān)憂。)
The teacher allayed the students' academic writing worries by giving them a list of useful phrases they could use.
(老師給了學(xué)生們一份他們可以在寫作中使用的實(shí)用短語表,從而幫助學(xué)生們減輕了他們對學(xué)術(shù)寫作的恐懼。)
Neil
Now, 'mitigate' is slightly different. It means to make something less unpleasant or harmful.
Jiaying
動詞 “mitigate” 與前面講過的三個動詞的含義略有不同。“Mitigate” 的意思是 “減輕一件事情產(chǎn)生的危害”,通常不用來描述緩解人的感受或情緒。比如:“mitigate the effects of something(緩解某事造成的影響)”。
Neil
For example, a city might limit tourist numbers to mitigate the effects of tourism.
Jiaying
是的,一座城市可能會通過限制游客的數(shù)量來 “mitigate(減輕)” 旅游業(yè)造成的負(fù)面影響。聽兩個使用了動詞 “mitigate” 的例句。
Examples
To mitigate uncertainty, our manager first explained why she had called the unexpected meeting.
(為減少不確定性,我們經(jīng)理首先解釋了她為什么要召開這次臨時會議。)
Safety measures are in place in order to mitigate risk.
(為減輕風(fēng)險(xiǎn),安全措施已落實(shí)到位。)
Neil
So, although they are quite similar, these four words are used in different types of situations. Now, let's summarise, Jiaying.
Jiaying
好的,總結(jié)一下:在四個動詞當(dāng)中,“relieve” 的用法最廣泛,可以表示 “緩解不愉快的、消極的感受” 或 “減輕問題的嚴(yán)重性”。動詞 “alleviate” 的用法與 “relieve” 相近,但 “alleviate” 則強(qiáng)調(diào) “緩解身體上的痛苦和不適”。動詞 “allay” 強(qiáng)調(diào) “緩解強(qiáng)烈的負(fù)面情緒,從而使人平靜下來”,更常用于書面語而不是口語交流中。動詞 “mitigate” 的意思是 “減輕危害”。
Neil
Remember, if you have a question about the English language you’d like to ask us, please send us an email. Our email address is: questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk
Jiaying
你也可以通過微博向我們提問。我們的微博賬號是 “BBC英語教學(xué)”。Bye, everyone.
Neil
Bye!