你問(wèn)我答
如何判斷應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞?
內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介
一位聽眾來(lái)信詢問(wèn)如何判斷在句子中應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞。英語(yǔ)中的分詞分為以 -ing 結(jié)尾的現(xiàn)在分詞和多以 -ed 結(jié)尾的過(guò)去分詞。雖然在一些極為特殊的句子中,這兩種分詞可以互換使用,但在大多數(shù)情況下,它們?cè)诰渲衅鸬降淖饔檬遣煌?。本期?jié)目從分詞所在句子的時(shí)態(tài)、動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)性等多個(gè)角度分析現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的用法。
文字稿
(關(guān)于臺(tái)詞的備注: 請(qǐng)注意這不是廣播節(jié)目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能沒有體現(xiàn)錄制、編輯過(guò)程中對(duì)節(jié)目做出的改變。)
Jiaying
大家好,歡迎收聽 BBC 英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的 “你問(wèn)我答” 節(jié)目。I'm Jiaying.
Phil
And I'm Phil. We have a question from one of our listeners:
Question
我想問(wèn)有關(guān)分詞的用法,現(xiàn)在分詞跟過(guò)去分詞都看見有人用,不知道如何區(qū)分哪個(gè)才是對(duì)的。比如:到底是 “I am starving to death.” 還是 “I am starved to death.”?是 “I am heading to London.” 還是 “I am headed to London.”?
Phil
In this programme, we will be looking at participles. We know that regular past participles end in -ed and that present participles end in -ing.
Jiaying
規(guī)則的動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞以 “-ed” 結(jié)尾,現(xiàn)在分詞以 “-ing” 結(jié)尾。
Phil
OK. Participles can be used in many different ways in English.
Jiaying
英語(yǔ)中,分詞的用法多樣,它們常用來(lái)構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)或進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。部分動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞可以作形容詞使用,甚至是用在一句話中構(gòu)成分句的一部分。
我們先來(lái)看一下問(wèn)題中提到的第一組句子。
Phil
'I am starving to death' and 'I am starved to death'. Now, these sentences are probably most commonly used as hyperbole, and in that case, they would mean the same. 'Starving' and 'starved' could both be acting as adjectives here.
Jiaying
“I am starving to death. (我快要餓壞了。)” 這里,動(dòng)詞 “starve(挨餓)” 的現(xiàn)在分詞 “starving” 作形容詞使用,表示 “極餓的,餓壞了的”。作形容詞使用的現(xiàn)在分詞多用來(lái)表示主動(dòng)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
“I am starved to death.” 的意思也是 “我快要餓壞了?!?這里,過(guò)去分詞 “starved” 也可以理解為作形容詞使用,它可能暗示了我是因?yàn)槟硞€(gè)人而挨餓的。作形容詞使用的過(guò)去分詞多表示被動(dòng)完成的動(dòng)作。但要注意,這只是一個(gè)常見的模式,并不是絕對(duì)的規(guī)律。
Phil
Let's look at the second pair of sentences in the question – "I am heading to London." and "I am headed to London".
Jiaying
“I am heading to London. ” 暗示了說(shuō)話人正在去倫敦的途中。而 “I am headed to London” 則暗示說(shuō)話人計(jì)劃、打算去倫敦,但可能還沒出發(fā)。
Phil
The present participle is being used in a different way here – rather than as an adjective, 'heading' is part of a sentence in the present continuous. The past participle 'headed' could be acting as an adjective here.
Jiaying
這兩句話中的現(xiàn)在分詞 “heading” 和過(guò)去分詞 “headed” 的用法不同?!癏eading” 所在的句子是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),它在這里是動(dòng)詞 “head” 的進(jìn)行時(shí);而 “headed” 所在的句子是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),“headed” 在這里可以理解為動(dòng)詞 “head” 的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或者作形容詞使用,表示 “朝…走的”。
Phil
In reality, there may be little difference, and some regional varieties of English may prefer one form to the other.
Jiaying
說(shuō)完了問(wèn)題中的兩組句子。我們?cè)賮?lái)看一類比較難判斷應(yīng)該使用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞的情況。
Phil
This is when participles are used as adjectives to describe feelings. Feeling adjectives that are formed with the past participle, ending in -ed, are often about how we feel. Feeling adjectives formed with the present participle, that's -ing, are often about what makes us feel that way.
Jiaying
我們稱這類表示感受的形容詞為 “feeling adjectives”。我們通常用以 “-ed” 結(jié)尾的過(guò)去分詞表示人的內(nèi)在感受,比如:“tired(累的)”、“interested(感興趣的)”。用 “-ing” 結(jié)尾的現(xiàn)在分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)是誰(shuí)或什么事情給人造成了這種感受,比如 “tiring(令人感到累的)”、“interesting(有趣的)”。來(lái)聽兩組例句。
Examples
This work is tiring. I need a lie down.
(這工作很累人。我需要躺下歇歇。)
I'm tired. I need a lie down.
(我累了。我需要躺下休息。)
She's so interesting. I could listen to her talk for hours!
(她真有趣。我可以長(zhǎng)時(shí)間聽她講話!)
I'm really interested in what she has to say.
(我對(duì)她說(shuō)的話很感興趣。)
Jiaying
再來(lái)補(bǔ)充一種情況:我們可以用現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成一句話中的分句的一部分,以解釋說(shuō)明事情發(fā)生的原因或方式。來(lái)聽兩組例句。
Examples
Panicking, she got her things together and left for the airport.
(她驚慌失措,收拾好東西后就去了機(jī)場(chǎng)。)
Panicked at the thought of missing the plane, she left for the airport.
(怕可能趕不上飛機(jī),她就急急忙忙地去了機(jī)場(chǎng)。)
Soaked by the rain, he turned and walked home.
(他渾身上下被雨淋得濕透,所以轉(zhuǎn)身往家走。)
The rain got heavier, soaking everyone in the square.
(雨越下越大,淋濕了廣場(chǎng)上的每個(gè)人。)
Phil
In these examples, the present participles 'panicking' and 'soaking' act in a similar way to an active verb, while the past participles 'panicked' and 'soaked' act in a similar way to a passive verb.
Jiaying
好了,希望我們的講解能幫助你更好地判斷什么時(shí)候用現(xiàn)在分詞,什么時(shí)候用過(guò)去分詞。
Phil
If you have a question that you'd like us to answer, you can email us too at: questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk
Jiaying
你也可以通過(guò)微博向我們提問(wèn)。我們的微博賬號(hào)是 “BBC英語(yǔ)教學(xué)”。Bye.
Phil
Bye.