最要命的體質(zhì)，除了招黑，還有招蚊子。

盛夏時(shí)節(jié)，除了酷熱，最讓人難以忍受的恐怕就是被蚊子咬，讓人更加難以忍受的則是，周?chē)幸蝗θ?，但蚊子只咬你一個(gè)！為什么被蚊子咬的總是你？

Some people can sit outside all summer long and not suffer from mosquito bites. Others turn into an itchy mess despite bathing in DEET and never leaving the purple glow of the bug zapper.

有些人可以整個(gè)夏天坐在戶(hù)外乘涼卻不被蚊子叮咬，而另有一些人即便用含驅(qū)蚊胺的沐浴露洗浴、隨身帶著滅蚊燈，卻仍遭蚊子叮咬而奇癢難耐。

zapper['z?p?]：n.微波滅蟲(chóng)器

It's mostly about the invisible chemical landscape of the air around us. Mosquitoes take advantage of this landscape by using specialized behaviors and sensory organs to find victims by following the subtle chemical traces their bodies leave behind.

這主要是因?yàn)槲覀兩眢w周?chē)諝庵腥庋劭床灰?jiàn)的化學(xué)成分。通過(guò)特殊習(xí)性和感覺(jué)器官，蚊子利用這種化學(xué)環(huán)境，跟蹤人體留下的細(xì)微化學(xué)痕跡找到叮咬對(duì)象。

In particular, mosquitoes rely on carbon dioxide to find their hosts. When we exhale, the carbon dioxide from our lungs doesn't immediately blend with the air. It temporarily stays in plumes that mosquitoes follow like breadcrumbs.

具體來(lái)說(shuō)，蚊子能夠靠人體釋放的二氧化碳找到它們叮咬的對(duì)象。當(dāng)我們呼氣時(shí)，從肺里呼出的二氧化碳并非立即與空氣混合，而是暫時(shí)形成類(lèi)似于面包粉的團(tuán)塊狀氣流，而蚊子會(huì)跟蹤這種氣流。

plume [plu?m]：n.羽毛；羽毛裝飾物；（尤指污染物）一團(tuán)物質(zhì)

"Mosquitoes start orienting themselves to those pulses of carbon dioxide and keep flying upwind as they sense higher concentrations than the normal ambient air contains," said Joop van Loon, an entomologist at Wageningen University in the Netherlands. Using carbon dioxide, mosquitoes can lock onto targets from up to 164 feet (50 meters) away.

荷蘭瓦赫寧恩大學(xué)的昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)家約普·范隆說(shuō)：“蚊子開(kāi)始自我定位，跟蹤那些二氧化碳?xì)饬?，并在它們感覺(jué)到二氧化碳濃度比正常環(huán)境空氣的濃度高時(shí)保持逆流飛行?！崩枚趸?，蚊子可以鎖定164英尺（約合50米）以外的目標(biāo)。

upwind[?p'w?nd]：adv.逆風(fēng)地

ambient air：環(huán)境空氣

entomologist[,?nt?'mɑl?d??st]：n.昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)者

Things start getting personal when mosquitoes get about 3 feet (1 meter) away from a group of potential targets. In close quarters, mosquitoes take into account a lot of factors that vary from person to person, including skin temperature, the presence of water vapor and color.

當(dāng)蚊子飛到離一群潛在目標(biāo)大約3英尺遠(yuǎn)時(shí)，就開(kāi)始區(qū)分每個(gè)人的不同情況。在近距離時(shí)，蚊子考慮很多因人而異的因素，包括皮膚溫度、水汽的存在和顏色。

close quarters：近距離

Scientists think the most important variable mosquitoes rely on when choosing one person over another are the chemical compounds produced by the colonies of microbes that live on our skin.

科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，蚊子選擇某個(gè)特定的人作為叮咬目標(biāo)依據(jù)的一個(gè)最重要因素是，皮膚上微生物菌落產(chǎn)生的化學(xué)成分。

"Bacteria convert the secretions of our sweat glands into volatile compounds that are taken through the air to the olfactory system on the head of the mosquitoes," Van Loon told Live Science.

范隆告訴美國(guó)趣味科學(xué)網(wǎng)站說(shuō)：“細(xì)菌把人類(lèi)汗腺的分泌物變成揮發(fā)性混合物，通過(guò)空氣進(jìn)入位于蚊子頭部的嗅覺(jué)系統(tǒng)?！?/p>

secretion [s?'kri??(?)n]：n.分泌；分泌物

volatile ['v?l?ta?l]：adj. [化學(xué)]揮發(fā)性的；不穩(wěn)定的

olfactory [?l'f?kt(?)r?]：adj.嗅覺(jué)的；味道的

These chemical bouquets are complex, including upward of 300 different compounds, and they vary from person to person based on genetic variation and environment.

這些混合物的化學(xué)氣味很復(fù)雜，含有300多種成分，而且因?yàn)榛虿町惡铜h(huán)境不同，因人而異。

upward of：超過(guò)，多于

"If you compare a father and daughter in the same household, there can be differences in the ratios of the chemicals the microbes are making," said Jeff Riffell, an associate professor of biology at the University of Washington who has studied mosquito attraction.

美國(guó)華盛頓大學(xué)研究蚊子吸引力的生物學(xué)副教授杰夫·里費(fèi)爾說(shuō)：“即使拿一個(gè)家庭里的父親與女兒做比對(duì)，微生物產(chǎn)生的化學(xué)物質(zhì)比例可能也有差異?！?/p>

For instance, men with a greater diversity of skin microbes tended to get fewer mosquito bites than men with less diverse skin microbes did, a 2011 study in the journal PLOS ONE found. Moreover, men with less diverse microbes tended to have the following bacteria on their bodies: Leptotrichia, Delftia, Actinobacteria Gp3 and Staphylococcus, the researchers said.

譬如，2011年發(fā)表在美國(guó)《公共科學(xué)圖書(shū)館·綜合》雜志上的一篇研究報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，皮膚微生物多樣性較高的男性往往比皮膚微生物多樣性較低的男性少招蚊子叮咬。而且研究人員稱(chēng)，皮膚微生物多樣性較低的男性，他們皮膚上往往有下列幾種細(xì)菌：纖毛菌、代爾夫特菌、放線(xiàn)菌Gp3和葡萄球菌。

In contrast, men with a diverse array of microbes tended to have the bacteria Pseudomonas and Variovorax on their skin, that study found.

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，相比之下，有多種多樣微生物的男性，在他們的皮膚上往往有假單胞菌和貪嗜菌。

Subtle differences in the composition of these chemical bouquets can account for big differences in how many bites a person gets. The composition of those microbial colonies can also vary over time in the same individual, particularly if that person is sick, Riffell said.

這些化學(xué)氣味成分的細(xì)微差異在一個(gè)人遭蚊子叮咬時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生巨大差異。里費(fèi)爾說(shuō)，同一個(gè)人，這些微生物菌落的組成也可能隨時(shí)間變化而不同，尤其是在此人生病的時(shí)候。

We don't have much control over the microbiomes on our skin, but Riffell did offer some advice based on his research.

我們對(duì)皮膚上的微生物沒(méi)有太多控制權(quán)，但里費(fèi)爾根據(jù)他的研究結(jié)果給出了一些建議。

microbiome：微生物組，微生物群系

"Mosquitoes love the color black," so consider wearing something lighter at your next cookout, he said.

他說(shuō)，“蚊子喜歡黑色”，因此下次露天燒烤時(shí)，可以考慮穿淺色衣物。

cookout ['k?ka?t]：n.（美）野外郊游時(shí)烹調(diào)的野餐；野烹食物

關(guān)于為什么有的人容易招蚊子，除了以上原因，還有很多說(shuō)法：體溫說(shuō)，血型說(shuō)，二氧化碳說(shuō)……今天就來(lái)給大家上一堂科普課，告訴你為什么有的人特別招蚊子“喜歡”，小本本準(zhǔn)備起來(lái)！

1、容易流汗，體溫較高

汗液是蚊子覓食的信號(hào)之一，所以往往汗液量比較多的人更容易受到蚊子的“青睞”。這是因?yàn)楹挂褐泻腥樗帷被岷桶鳖?lèi)化合物，容易吸引蚊子的注意。另外，蚊子的觸角內(nèi)有一個(gè)受熱體，對(duì)溫度很敏感，而汗液較多的人體表散熱快，故而對(duì)蚊子的吸引力更大。

2、呼出的二氧化碳比較多

科學(xué)家研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，蚊子身上有一個(gè)觸須居然可以感受到50米外的二氧化碳濃度。因此，產(chǎn)生二氧化碳越多的人，越能吸引蚊子。也可以說(shuō)，新陳代謝較快的人越招蚊子，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，像小孩，體型較大，孕婦，肺活量大的人更容易招蚊子喜歡哦。

3、身體有刺激性較大的氣體

蚊子的嗅覺(jué)是非常靈敏的，特別是對(duì)一些刺激性較大的氣體非常的敏感。所以，那些愛(ài)化妝的人往往比不化妝的人更容易招惹蚊子。因?yàn)楹芏嗷瘖y品中都會(huì)有大量的香氣，這對(duì)蚊子來(lái)說(shuō)可是不小的誘惑。

那么，你是容易招蚊子的體質(zhì)嗎？

來(lái)源：livescience、新浪網(wǎng)、參考消息網(wǎng)

編輯：yaning