據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織報道，全球約有2.53億人患有各種視力障礙。其實(shí)，只要保持健康的衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣，80%的眼病是可以預(yù)防或治愈的。下面這些日常習(xí)慣要盡量避免，因?yàn)槟愕难劬诓恢挥X中受到傷害。

1. Your daily swim

每天游泳

Swimming is hugely beneficial for your cardiovascular system but if you're not wearing goggles, your eyes might be suffering, especially if you're a contact lens wearer and you open your eyes underwater.

游泳對心血管系統(tǒng)大有裨益，但如果游泳時不佩戴護(hù)目鏡，雙目可能會因此受損，尤其是在水下睜眼的隱形眼鏡佩戴者。

'The water in pools, rivers and the sea, or even the shower can leave your eyes vulnerable to bacterial infection,' warns Vision Direct optometrist Brendan O' Brien.
英國隱形眼鏡網(wǎng)店Vision Direct驗(yàn)光師布蘭登·奧布賴恩警告說：“泳池、河流和大海中的水，甚至是洗澡水都會讓眼睛容易受到細(xì)菌感染?！?/p>

'The microorganism acanthamoeba lives in water and can cause serious damage if it gets into your eye'.

“水中的微生物棘阿米巴原蟲如果進(jìn)了你的眼睛，會造成嚴(yán)重傷害?！?/p>

'Wearing contact lenses makes us more vulnerable because the bacteria attaches to the lens and can cause the surface of your eye to become inflamed and eventually infected,' says O'Brien.

“佩戴隱形眼鏡讓我們更容易受到傷害，因?yàn)檫@種細(xì)菌會粘附在隱形眼鏡上，導(dǎo)致眼睛表面發(fā)炎甚至被感染。”

Contact lenses will also naturally absorb any water around them, which could change their shape dramatically. This will make them uncomfortable to wear, often causing your vision to become distorted and blurry.

隱形眼鏡還會自然地吸收四周的水分，從而極大改變原有形狀。這會讓隱形眼鏡戴起來不舒適，還會導(dǎo)致視物扭曲模糊。

If you really must wear your lenses in the pool stick to daily disposables along with waterproof swimming goggles, or better still invest in a pair of prescription goggles which will help you see clearly without water coming in direct contact with your eyes.

如果你一定要在泳池中佩戴隱形眼鏡，就佩戴日拋隱形鏡片，同時戴上防水護(hù)目鏡，如果能佩戴按度數(shù)定制的護(hù)目鏡更好，既能讓你在水下視野清晰，又不會有水直接接觸眼睛。

2. Your out of date mascara

用過期的睫毛膏

You know how your mascara gets all clumpy after three or four months, but you don't want to buy a new one because that stuff is pricey?

你知道睫毛膏在使用三四個月后就會凝結(jié)成塊嗎？但是就因?yàn)榻廾鄡r格不菲，你不舍得買新的。

Well, it's time to cull your make-up bag of all out of date eye make-up, especially mascara, yes even your favorite Chanel one you bought in 2016.

是時候把你化妝包里所有過期的眼部化妝品都扔掉了，尤其是睫毛膏，就連你最愛的2016年買入的香奈兒也不例外。

Mascara can harbor bacteria which can cause infections leading to redness, light sensitivity and irritation and, in rare cases, even blindness. Liquid liner and mascara have a shelf life of around three months once opened.

睫毛膏會滋生細(xì)菌，引發(fā)眼部感染，導(dǎo)致眼睛發(fā)紅、怕光、不適，極少數(shù)情況下甚至可能致盲。液體眼線筆和睫毛膏開封后，保質(zhì)期約為三個月。

Unopened, well-formulated cosmetics can remain stable for a couple of years.

未開封的工藝成熟的化妝品可以在一兩年內(nèi)保持性能穩(wěn)定。

What's more, eye make-up applied inside the eyeline, such as eyeliner, can increase the risk of eye infection, according to research from the University of Waterloo published in the peer-reviewed journal.

此外，滑鐵盧大學(xué)發(fā)表在同行評審期刊的研究指出，眼瞼內(nèi)用的眼部化妝品，比如眼線筆，會增加眼部感染的風(fēng)險。

The research by the scientist Dr Alison Ng found that contact lens wearers were more vulnerable to infection from eye make-up. Dr Ng recommends preventing bacterial transfer by sharpening eye pencils thoroughly before each use.

科學(xué)家艾莉森·吳的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，隱形眼鏡佩戴者的眼睛更容易因?yàn)檠蹔y而被感染。吳醫(yī)生建議，每次用眼線筆之前都要徹底削干凈，防止細(xì)菌傳播。

Similarly, false eyelashes could put your eyes at risk. According to experts, false eyelashes are a hygiene risk because they tend to trap dirt and bacteria, while poor quality, unhygienic lashes increase the risk, so it's important to find a reputable beautician.

同樣，假睫毛也會讓眼睛陷入風(fēng)險。專家稱，假睫毛不衛(wèi)生，因?yàn)楹苋菀撞匚奂{垢，質(zhì)量差、不衛(wèi)生的假睫毛會讓眼睛感染風(fēng)險增加，所以找口碑好的彩妝品牌很重要。

3. Skipping your annual eye test

放棄年度眼睛檢查

'An eye test can turn up health problems like diabetes, glaucoma and high blood pressure, all of which can lead to serious eye problems and even blindness if left unchecked,' says O'Brien.

奧布賴恩說：“眼睛檢查可以發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病、青光眼和高血壓等健康問題，這些毛病如果一直沒有被檢查出來，便可能引發(fā)嚴(yán)重的眼疾甚至致盲?！?/p>

Even arthritis which causes joint inflammation can be spotted with an eye test, because the inflammation also turns up in the eye and will eventually attack the eye too if left untreated.

甚至連關(guān)節(jié)炎都可以通過眼睛檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)，因?yàn)樵谘鄄恳部梢圆煊X到發(fā)炎癥狀，如果關(guān)節(jié)炎拖著不治，到最后也會影響到眼睛。

'Most optometrists recommended taking an eye test every two years, unless you have eye issues or are over 70, in which case, a test every 12 months is best to catch any health problems early,' says O'Brien.

奧布賴恩說：“多數(shù)驗(yàn)光師建議每兩年檢查一次眼睛，但如果你有眼疾或年過70歲，最好每年檢查一次眼睛，以便盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)健康問題。”

'Children up to the age of 16 should be tested annually too, according to the College of Optometrists, as children's vision can change very rapidly at this stage of their lives.'

“英國視光師學(xué)院建議，16歲以下的孩子每年都應(yīng)檢查眼睛，因?yàn)楹⒆拥囊暳υ谶@個階段變化很快?！?/p>

4. Staring at your smartphone

老盯著手機(jī)

Staring at your smartphone or computer screen or TV for hours on end is not good for your eye health, says research by the University of Toledo, published in Scientific Reports.
托雷多大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)表在《科學(xué)報告》上的報告指出，連續(xù)幾個小時盯著智能手機(jī)或電腦屏幕、電視對眼睛健康有害無益。

That's because these screens emit blue light which is absorbed by vital cells in the eye's retina triggering toxic chemicals, which can eventually kill the photoreceptors we need for vision. And the older you get the more vulnerable you are.

這是因?yàn)檫@些屏幕散發(fā)出的藍(lán)光會被眼睛視網(wǎng)膜的核心細(xì)胞吸收，產(chǎn)生有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)，最終會殺死視覺所依賴的感光細(xì)胞。而且，年紀(jì)越大，眼睛越容易受到藍(lán)光傷害。

The study's lead researcher Dr Ajith Karunarathne, an assistant professor in the UT department of chemistry and biochemistry says we shouldn't be checking phones and tablets in the dark, because this can dilate the pupils making them more vulnerable to damage.

該研究的首席研究員、托雷多大學(xué)化學(xué)和生物化學(xué)部的助理教授阿吉斯·卡魯那拉斯尼醫(yī)生說， 我們不應(yīng)該在黑暗中看手機(jī)和平板電腦，因?yàn)檫@樣會讓瞳孔放大，眼睛更容易受到藍(lán)光損害。

Dr Karunarathne explains wearing glasses with an anti-glare coating that filters blue light, or adding a blue light filter screen to your phone or computer.

卡魯那拉斯尼醫(yī)生表示，可以佩戴有防眩涂層的眼鏡能過濾掉藍(lán)光，或者在手機(jī)或電腦上加一個藍(lán)光濾光屏。

5. That casual smoking habit

抽煙

We hardly need to say it: smoking is BAD, but few of us realize it damages our eyes. 'Smoking increases risk of cataracts and age related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a common condition that affects the middle part of your vision. In fact, AMD is Britain's leading cause of sight loss.

抽煙不好，這一點(diǎn)都不用我們說，但很少人意識到抽煙對眼睛有害?！俺闊煏黾踊及變?nèi)障和老年黃斑變性的風(fēng)險，這是影響視野中心視力的常見疾病。事實(shí)上，老年黃斑變性是英國人視力缺失的首要誘因?！?/p>

'AMD occurs when the small central portion of the retina, known as the macula, deteriorates and is the major cause of blindness in the over fifties, ' says O' Brien.

奧布賴恩說：“老年黃斑變性指的是視網(wǎng)膜中央的黃斑惡化，是50歲以上人口失明的首要病因。”

Risk of AMD doubles with smoking over fifty, says one British study published in The British Journal of Ophthalmology. So that's another reason to sign up for Stoptober.

發(fā)表在《英國眼科學(xué)雜志》的一項(xiàng)英國研究稱，年過五十后，吸煙會增加黃斑變性的風(fēng)險。戒煙又多了個理由。

6. Forgetting to wear sunglasses

忘記戴太陽鏡

You might think your sunnies are no longer needed now that the dark nights are closing in. Not so says O'Brien. UV is still an issue on overcast winter days.

日短夜長，也許你認(rèn)為不再需要自己的太陽鏡，但是奧布賴恩卻表示：非也。即使在陰云密布的冬天，紫外線依然是個問題。

'Although the UV count is typically higher on sunnier days, it is important to bear in mind that up to 80% of UV radiation can penetrate cloud, meaning that forgetting to wear sunglasses on an overcast day can still damage your eyes,' says O'Brien.

奧布賴恩說：“盡管晴天紫外線指數(shù)通常更高，但你要記住，多達(dá)80%的紫外線都可以穿透云層，這意味著陰天忘記戴太陽鏡依然會對眼睛造成損害?！?/p>

'That means it's just as good an idea to pop on a pair of shades on a sunny December morning as it is on a hot July afternoon.'

“這意味著在十二月陽光明媚的早上戴太陽鏡和炎熱的七月下午戴太陽鏡一樣有必要?！?/p>

But don't think just because your glasses are dark tinted they offer ultra violet protection. 'The tint of a sunglasses lens has no effect on UV protection,' says O'Brien.

但不要以為太陽鏡的顏色深就能更好地抵擋紫外線。奧布賴恩說：“太陽鏡片的顏色對于紫外線防護(hù)沒有效果?！?/p>

'While wearing darker lenses means that less light will enter your eye and will help you see better, the same amount of UV is blocked as if you were wearing shades with a lighter tint.'

“佩戴深色太陽鏡片意味著進(jìn)入眼睛的光更少，你看東西更清楚，但是，深色太陽鏡阻擋的紫外線和淺色鏡片是一樣多的?！?/p>

And unless your sunglasses are offering good UV coverage, the tint means they will dilate your pupils and allow more UV light in than normal, so it's potentially worse than going without sunglasses if your glasses aren't up to scratch.

而且，如果你的太陽鏡沒有抵擋紫外線的功能，鏡片顏色太深意味著你的瞳孔會放大，進(jìn)入瞳孔的紫外線會比正常情況下更多，所以如果深色太陽鏡不達(dá)標(biāo)，效果比不戴太陽鏡還糟。

The message? Don't fall for those designer look-alikes, unless you can verify their UV credentials. 'Look for a CE mark (a European standard of UV protection),' says O'Brien.

所以呢？不要被那些仿大牌的太陽鏡蒙騙，除非你可以核實(shí)它們的紫外線認(rèn)證信息。奧布賴恩說：“注意看CE產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證標(biāo)志（歐洲紫外線防護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）?！?/p>

Look for styles that fit close to your face and don't let light in at the side and if you're a contacts wearer opt for brands like Acuvue with UV filters included or remember to wear sunglasses with your contact lenses.

選擇貼合臉型的太陽鏡款式，不要讓光線從側(cè)面射入，如果你佩戴的是隱形眼鏡，選擇Acuvue等可以過濾紫外線的品牌，或者在佩戴隱形眼鏡時戴上太陽鏡。

Warning: Your eyes are even more susceptible to burning than your skin. As it's harder to tell when your eyes are getting burnt than it is when your skin starts turning red, it's easy to end up doing lasting damage to your eyes without knowing.

警告：眼睛比皮膚更容易被曬傷。眼睛是否曬傷很難辨別，因?yàn)檠劬Σ粫駮駛钠つw一樣發(fā)紅，所以很容易不知不覺就讓眼睛遭到持久損害。

Frequent exposure to UV can lead to the development of eye conditions such as cataracts and AMD which can impair sight and even cause partial or total blindness.

頻繁暴露在紫外線下會引發(fā)白內(nèi)障和老年黃斑變性等眼部疾病，這種疾病會損害視力，甚至?xí)?dǎo)致局部或完全失明。

Indeed, one systematic review published in 2014 of scientific research on the subject found that sunlight exposure to eyes was a key risk factor in the development of AMD.

2014年發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)對該課題科學(xué)研究的系統(tǒng)回顧發(fā)現(xiàn)，眼睛暴露在陽光下是導(dǎo)致老年黃斑變性的一個重要風(fēng)險因素。

7. Your fan

電風(fēng)扇

Leaving a fan running all night can increase irritation and dry eyes for contact lens wearers. Why? Because fans blow allergens like dust or pollen towards your eyes as you sleep, so that when you insert your lenses in the morning these deposits cause irritation and discomfort.

整夜開電風(fēng)扇會加重隱形眼鏡佩戴者的眼睛刺激和發(fā)干癥狀。為什么呢？因?yàn)殡婏L(fēng)扇會在你睡覺時把灰塵或花粉等過敏物吹到你的眼睛里，你在早上佩戴隱形眼鏡時，這些積存在眼里的東西會引發(fā)刺激和不適。

The fix? Thoroughly dust bedroom surfaces, including the fan blades and keep a bottle of contact lens solution handy to cleanse your lenses to remove any impurities.

解決之道就是徹底清理臥室表面的灰塵，包括風(fēng)扇的葉片，隨時備有隱形眼鏡清洗液，去除隱形眼鏡片上的任何雜質(zhì)。

Consider setting a timer on your fan, so it switches off shortly after you doze off and wear a sleep mask, so your eyes are protected.

考慮給風(fēng)扇定時，這樣你睡著后不久風(fēng)扇就會關(guān)閉，或者戴睡眠眼罩來保護(hù)眼睛。

8. Over-using eye drops

過多使用眼藥水

While it's tempting to reach for the eye drops rather than put up with looking like a pink-eyed bunny, you can have too much of a good thing, say experts, as plenty of eye drops can lead to a rebound effect.

盡管眼睛紅腫的時候很想用眼藥水，但是再好的東西也不能用太多，專家指出，用太多眼藥水會產(chǎn)生反彈效應(yīng)。

Rebound redness results because the blood vessels in the eye dilate as the effects of the medication in the drops wears off, creating a vicious circle. What should we do instead? 'Try to pinpoint the cause and deal with it, ' says O'Brien.

隨著眼藥水的效力消退，由于眼內(nèi)血管擴(kuò)張，眼睛會再度紅腫，并因此產(chǎn)生惡性循環(huán)。那我們應(yīng)該怎么做呢？奧布賴恩說：“試著找出紅腫原因并對癥處理?！?/p>

If, for example, your eyes are dry due to cold winter weather and central heating, invest in a humidifier and try not to sit too close to a radiator.

比如，如果你的眼睛是因?yàn)槎竞浜椭醒牍┡到y(tǒng)而發(fā)干，就買一臺加濕器，盡量不要坐得離暖氣片太近。

Rehydrate by drinking lots of water and eat plenty of foods rich in A, C and E vitamins and omega-3 fats, like salmon. And when the wind starts whistling, don your sunglasses to protect your eyes from the biting cold.

多喝水補(bǔ)充水分，多吃富含維生素A、C、E和歐米加-3脂肪酸的食物，比如鮭魚。刮風(fēng)的時候，戴上太陽鏡來保護(hù)眼睛不受刺骨寒冷的傷害。

How often you can use eye drops safely will depend on the type, says O' Brien.

奧布賴恩說，多長時間使用一次眼藥水才安全，這取決于眼藥水是哪種類型。

'There are two types: eye drops with preservatives and preservative-free eye drops. Eye drops that contain preservatives have a longer shelf life. The preservatives are chemicals that prevent bacteria from growing. This allows you to use one bottle of eye drops for a length of time.

“有兩種類型：含有防腐劑的眼藥水和不含防腐劑的眼藥水。含有防腐劑的眼藥水保質(zhì)期更長。防腐劑是防止細(xì)菌滋生的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。這可以讓你長時間使用一瓶眼藥水?！?/p>

'However, the preservatives in OTC eye drops cause eye irritation to become worse. Eye specialists typically recommend that you use this type of eye drop no more than four times a day.' Preservative-free eye drops are best for those with sensitive eyes.

“但是，非處方眼藥水中的防腐劑會加重眼部刺激。眼科專家通常建議這種眼藥水使用一天不要超過四次。”不含防腐劑的眼藥水適合眼睛敏感的人。

英文來源：每日郵報

翻譯&編輯：丹妮